What is your answer?
Only language users employ generalizations.
Not a single animal uses language.
At least some animals reason.
So ???
{ 1 } - Not all reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 2 } - Only reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 3 } - No reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 4 } - None of these validly follows.
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1 is correct!
Only language users employ generalizations.
Not a single animal uses language.
At least some animals reason.
So ???
{ 1 } - Not all reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 2 } - Only reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 3 } - No reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 4 } - None of these validly follows.
John Stuart Mill used this to argue that reasoning doesn't require generalizations (statements using "all" or "no"). We could rephrase the conclusion as "Some reasoning beings don't employ generalizations."
This one is difficult!
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Before continuing, you might try some wrong answers.
2 is wrong. Please try again.
Only language users employ generalizations.
Not a single animal uses language.
At least some animals reason.
So ???
{ 1 } - Not all reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 2 } - Only reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 3 } - No reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 4 } - None of these validly follows.
To draw this conclusion, we'd need a further universal premise linking reasoning beings with language users or with animals.
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3 is wrong. Please try again.
Only language users employ generalizations.
Not a single animal uses language.
At least some animals reason.
So ???
{ 1 } - Not all reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 2 } - Only reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 3 } - No reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 4 } - None of these validly follows.
"No" in the conclusion is too strong. Notice that the last premise is about SOME reasoning beings.
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4 is wrong. Please try again.
Only language users employ generalizations.
Not a single animal uses language.
At least some animals reason.
So ???
{ 1 } - Not all reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 2 } - Only reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 3 } - No reasoning beings employ generalizations.
{ 4 } - None of these validly follows.
No, we can draw one of these conclusions.
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the end